Music director and principal conductor of:
• The Cleveland Orchestra (1943–1946, succeeding Artur Rodzinski)
• Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra (1947–1955)
• New York City Opera Orchestra (1955–1957)
• The Metropolitan Opera House Orchestra (1957–1962)
• Boston Symphony Orchestra (1962–1969)

Born: February 4, 1912 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now Austria).
Died: September 11, 1993 in Zurich, Switzerland.
Naturalized American citizen in 1942.