Taube's collected literary contributions make him count as one of Sweden's national poets. His rich output includes prose and poetry as well as drawings, watercolors and oil paintings, but it is for the poems, more than 200 in total, that he is best known for. His prose includes, among other things, travelogues and novels.

He married to Astri Bergman-Taube in 1925.
He is the father of Sven-Bertil Taube.